indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Hyogo (prefecture); armory; armoury; arsenal
equanimity; upeksa; upekkha
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
high-ranking noh actor; head of a school of noh performance; high ranking courtesan (esp. in Yoshiwara) (Edo-period); jōruri narrator; manzai narrator; female role actor in kabuki; low ranking priest in a Shinto shrine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
honorific/polite/humble prefix
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
adds force or indicates command
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be needed; to be wanted
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
skull (esp. weatherbeaten, used as symbol of death); death's head; cranium
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work