indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
pain; ache; soreness; damage; injury; wear
(place of) refuge; escape; exit; way out; shelter; hiding place
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to dye; to colour; to color
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
choosing; selecting; deciding (on)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
crow (Corvus spp.); raven
cry (of an animal); call; chirp; song; caw; roar
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
will; volition; intention; intent; determination
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
round; tranquil; contentedly at ease
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
expresses a firm view or feeling; please ...; would you ...
end; finish; bound; limit; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
they; those guys; those fellows
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
setback; impediment; adversity; misfortune; hardship
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo