indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
courage; bravery; valour; valor; nerve; boldness
mountain hamlet; mountain village
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
how; in what way; how about
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic