indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
musical note; note symbol; phonetic symbol (incl. the kanji and kana-doubling symbols, vowel-lengthening symbol, etc.); part of a kanji for which the role is primarily to represent the pronunciation (as opposed to the meaning)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
weathering; fading (of memories); efflorescence
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb
negative (e.g. thinking); negative; negative (electrical polarity)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
suffix for familiar person
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to suit; to match; to become; to be like
shopping; purchased goods
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
Western-style clothes (cf. traditional Japanese clothes)