indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
entertainer (esp. boy band or girl group member) whose image is manufactured to cultivate a dedicated consumer fan following; Japanese idol; (cultural) icon; idol; idol (object of worship); image
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
soldier; combatant; warrior
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
weathering; fading (of memories); efflorescence
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
Satan; the Devil; the Prince of Darkness; king of the demons who try to prevent people from doing good
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
severe; intense; awe-inspiring; biting; bitter (cold); piercing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
bonds (between people); (emotional) ties; relationship; tether; fetters
my; one's own; personal; privately owned
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?