indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
adds force or indicates command
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
head; brains; intellect; understanding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
genius; prodigy; natural gift
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
how; in what way; how about
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
you (plural); all of you; you all
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed