indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
flash (esp. of a camera); flashlight; very short scene in a film or TV show; newsflash
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
how; in what way; how about
adds force or indicates command
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop