indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
study; diligence; discount; reduction
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ten-day period (in a month); ten-year period (in one's age); decade
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to become possible; to become able to (do)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
fallen scraps; scatterings; leftovers; remainder; student who cannot keep up in school; dropout (from school, society, a movement, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
very hard; with utmost effort; as hard as one can; with all one's might; for dear life; eagerly
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
adds force or indicates command
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
how; in what way; how about
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
pig (Sus scrofa domesticus); pork; fatso; fatty
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
carving; engraving; sculpture
lazy person; lazy fellow; slothful person
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become