indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
genius; prodigy; natural gift
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
adds force or indicates command
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
study; diligence; discount; reduction
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to be silent; to say nothing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
this world; this life; world of the living
head; brains; intellect; understanding
other self; alter ego; part of oneself (in someone or something else); incarnations of Buddha
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
book; volume; this; present; main; head
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time