indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
chopstick envelope; chopstick wrapper; paper envelope in which chopsticks are presented
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix for familiar person
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
adds force or indicates command
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
phantom; vision; illusion; extremely rare item
dawn; daybreak; event (e.g. "in the event of ..."); occasion; occurrence
enthusiast; mania; enthusiasm
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
please (give me); please (do for me)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...