indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
suffix for familiar person
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
ordinary person; untitled individual
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
adds force or indicates command
request; favour (to ask); wish; please