indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
orchid; Netherlands; Holland
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
soldier; combatant; warrior
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
bishop wood (Bischofia javanica); barked tree; red tree
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!