indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
(in gagaku or noh) middle section of a song
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up