indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to disclose; to divulge; to expose; to open (a grave); to dig out
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to notify; to file notice (to the authorities)
within; inside of; less than
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
adds force or indicates command
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
flight (e.g. airline flight); trip (e.g. train trip); mail; post; opportunity; chance
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen