indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
suffix for familiar person
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to invite; to ask (someone to do); to tempt; to lure; to induce (tears, laughter, sleepiness, etc.); to arouse (e.g. sympathy)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
(tree) trunk; (arrow) shaft; (tool) handle; backbone; base
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation