indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take in; to bring in; to capture (e.g. image); to import; to win over; to please
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
how; in what way; by what means
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
than; from; out of; except; but; more
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
heh-heh; hee-hee; ha ha; (arch.) female genitals; (arch.) vagina; (arch.) vulva
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to trick; to cheat; to deceive; to coax; to wheedle; to soothe and humor (humour)
to put on airs; to assume importance
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
sneakily; secretly; stealthily; on the sly
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already