indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
father; dad; husband; you; he
disk; discus; flying saucer; disc media (CD, DVD, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
leaf; blade (of grass); (pine) needle
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
in that way; thus; so; so?
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...