indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
adds force or indicates command
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
union; coalescence; amalgamation; copulation; penetration
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
suffix for familiar person
base (military, expedition, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
older brother; you (in ref. to male of greater age or status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
small; little; slightly less than; just about; somewhat; somehow
separation; partition; detachment; segregation; isolation
Tanba (former province located in parts of present-day Kyoto, Hyogo and Osaka prefectures)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen