indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
adds force or indicates command
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
suffix for familiar person
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Children's Limbo; futile; unrewarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
curse; spell; malediction
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
miko; shrine maiden; young girl or woman (trad. an unmarried virgin) who assists priests at shrines; medium; sorceress; shamaness
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you