indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
please (give me); please (do for me)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing