indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
cheap; rash; thoughtless; careless
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
older brother; elder brother
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
and then; and so; and; so then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
record (e.g. LP); record (e.g. in sports); record (data structure)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
please (give me); please (do for me)