indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
suffix for familiar person
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more