indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
to collect; to gather; to save; to accumulate; to pile up
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
suffix for familiar person
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to steal another's spouse; to steal another's lover
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to be annoying; to be troublesome
brat; kid; urchin; preta; hungry ghost
name; given name; first name
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
north wind tile; winning hand with a pung (or kong) of north wind tiles
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
difficulty; hardship; trouble; infeasibility; inability (to carry out)
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?