indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; heigh-ho; to butter up; to suck up to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
suffix for familiar person
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
pro wrestling; professional wrestling
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?