base (of a plant, tree, pillar, etc.); (part near the) root; roots (of one's hair); root (e.g. of a problem); source
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
princess; spoiled girl; hothouse flower; glue
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
independence; self-reliance
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
as one wishes; the way one wants; to one's satisfaction
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
(not) ever; (not) at all; (not) on any account; deepest bottom of the earth
to interrupt; to interfere; to meddle; to intrude; to butt in; to poke one's nose into
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
only; just; since; after; remaining (in a particular state)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
danger; Chinese "rooftop" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
door (Western-style, car, etc.)