base (of a plant, tree, pillar, etc.); (part near the) root; roots (of one's hair); root (e.g. of a problem); source
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
princess; spoiled girl; hothouse flower; glue
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
story; tale; talk; discussion
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
protagonist; main character; hero(ine) (of a story); head of household
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
as a child; when one was a child
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
only; just; since; after; remaining (in a particular state)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
(on) one's own; (by) oneself
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
ceremony; rite; ritual; service
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me