indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
Tanba (former province located in parts of present-day Kyoto, Hyogo and Osaka prefectures)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
pupil; student; schoolchild
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
mercantile marine college
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
all present; all concerned; all of us
Kanto; region consisting of Tokyo and surrounding prefectures; Kanto; north-eastern half of Japan (during the feudal era)
practice (in the field); training (esp. practical and hands-on); practical exercise; drill
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix