indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
suffix for familiar person
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity