indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
to ask (humbly); to request (humbly)
Excellent (grade); A; superiority; excellence; gentle; graceful
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to hold back others from achieving success; to stand in the way of; to sabotage
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be careful; to be discreet; to do in moderation; to refrain (from overdoing); to be purified; to be chaste
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to recommend; to endorse (e.g. a candidate); to infer (from); to deduce; to think (something) through; to ponder deeply
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
recommendation; referral; endorsement
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
director; executive; officer; official; person in charge
president (of a society); chairman
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
never mind!; don't worry about it
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
impediment; burden; encumbrance; hindrance; drag
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa); yellow catalpa (Catalpa ovata); Japanese mallotus (Mallotus japonicus); printing block; catalpa bow; catalpa medium
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post