the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do over again; to redo; to start over; to remake; to resume; to recommence
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
loyalty; devotion; fidelity; inspector of the Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office (ritsuryo system)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
even a little; any at all; if only a little; no matter how little
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
inspection (e.g. customs, factory); examination; scan (e.g. MRI, PET, etc.)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
home area; home town; local
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to wield; to brandish; to display (one's knowledge); to show off; to abuse (one's power); to manipulate someone
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to pretend not to see; to turn one's back on
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be opposite; to face each other; to confront (an issue); to face
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
now; the present time; just now; another; more
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to be in time (for); to serve (suit, meet) the purpose; to be good enough; to be enough
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage