house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
wherein; therein; thereinto
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to gradually disappear; to be vanishing
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
form; shape; figure; visage
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
why; oh; no!; quit it!; stop!
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
suffix for familiar person
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
health; healthy; sound; fit
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)