indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
book; volume; this; present; main; head
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
one's later years; final years (in life)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
honorific/polite/humble prefix
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
old book; rare book; classic; secondhand book; used book