indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
someone (unspecified, but someone in particular); a certain person
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
marriage partner; spouse; wife-to-be; husband-to-be; future spouse
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
difference; discrepancy; variation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
early detection (of an illness)
desirable; hoped for; preferable; advisable
without; but if; otherwise; or else
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to result in death; to lead to death; to be fatal (e.g. disease)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
beginning; outset; first; onset
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
searching for a marriage partner; marriage hunting; activities leading to marriage (e.g. dating, courtship)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
azalea (Rhododendron spp.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
materials; data; document
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
now; soon; already; yet; further; more