indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
to be good (at); to go well; to look (taste, etc.) good; to hold one's liquor; to be able to hold one's drink
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
skin; body (in the context of intimate bodily contact); surface; grain (e.g. of wood); disposition; temperament
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
in proportion to; just as much as
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to respond; to answer; to meet (e.g. demands, expectations); to affect; to take a toll; to strike home
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
suffix for familiar person
to forget to say; to forget to mention
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
turn (in line); order of things; sequential order
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; situation; position; location
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
only; merely; but; no more than