indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
company president; manager; director
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
company employee; member of a corporation; company stockholder (esp. in legal contexts)
senior high school (in the PRC or ROC)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
embellishment (e.g. of a story); ornamentation; decoration; (arch.) putting on makeup
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
commodity; article of commerce; goods; stock; merchandise
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...