indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
company president; manager; director
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
company; corporation; workplace
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sunrise; half-melon shaped bun
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
please (give me); please (do for me)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
acquisition (esp. corporate); buy-out; takeover; bribery; buying off; corruption
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence