indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
company president; manager; director
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
director; executive; officer; official; person in charge
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ignition; catching fire; firing (e.g. gun); discharging
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to apologize; to apologise
manufactured goods; finished goods; product
electrical machinery; appliances
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
sunrise; half-melon shaped bun