indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
man; male; masculine gender
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
police; police officer; police station
eldest daughter; first-born daughter
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pierce; to stab; to sting; to bite; to sew; to stitch; to pole (a boat)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
investigation (e.g. by police or prosecutors); examination; inquiry; enquiry
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
woman; female; feminine gender
murder; homicide; manslaughter
arrest; apprehension; capture
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
doctor's degree; doctorate; PhD
acquisition; obtaining; gaining possession; purchase
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
person in charge; senior staff; manager; chief; head
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
genius; prodigy; natural gift
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...