indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
step; stride; counter for steps
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to erase; to rub out; to turn off (a light, TV, heater, etc.); to switch off; to extinguish (a fire, candle, etc.); to put out; to remove (a smell, pain, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
sound of a gunshot; report of a gun
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to learn; to acquire knowledge; to carry; to wear (clothes, etc.); to put on
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lead nowhere; get one nowhere; no use; fruitless; there's no point (in doing)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
regrettable; unfortunate; disappointing; vexing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
fragment; broken piece; chip; ounce (of truth, conscience, etc.); trace; shred
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become