(sound of) footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
speaking voice; talking voice
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
industrial spy; industrial espionage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
formation; molding; making (up); repair (e.g. with plastic surgery); replacement; -plasty
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
how; in what way; how about
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
university; college; former imperial university of Japan (established under the ritsuryō system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.); quitting
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)