honorific/polite/humble prefix
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
any more; any further; any better; any longer
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be affected; to be influenced; to be concerned with; to have to do with; to stick to (opinions)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to play dumb; to feign ignorance; to play the fool; to be in one's dotage
please (give me); please (do for me)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to concern; to be related
to track down; to locate; to find out; to smoke out; to ferret out; to chase up
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to see through; to see the true nature of something
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
story; tale; talk; discussion
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality