indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
suffix for familiar person
one's last moment; one's death; one's end
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
supporting role (actor); minor role
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
miserable; wretched; unhappy; sad; pitiable
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to perceive; to understand
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
will; testament; last request
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then