this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
doubt; question; uncertainty; skepticism; scepticism; suspicion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to disappear (of people or animals); to go (away); to leave; to no longer exist
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
the person in question; prominent figure; distinguished person; that person
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
inspection (e.g. customs, factory); examination; scan (e.g. MRI, PET, etc.)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
physical examination; medical examination; health checkup; health screening
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health