junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
suffix for familiar person
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come loose; to come untied; to come undone; to loosen up (e.g. tension)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
taking a junior high-school entrance examination
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
special; particular; peculiar; unique
study; diligence; discount; reduction
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
(practical) experience; personal experience; hands-on experience; first-hand experience
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
how; in what way; how about
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
father; dad; husband; you; he
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
two persons; two people; pair; couple