indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
police officer; policeman; policewoman
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be sacked; to be fired; to be dismissed; to be beheaded
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do for (someone); to take in; to deceive; to hoodwink
body; group; party; company; troupe
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
brother-in-law (spouse's older brother or older sister's husband); older stepbrother
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
feeling; sense; impression
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
occasionally; once in a while; now and then; rarely; seldom
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
adds force or indicates command
last; final; end; conclusion; rust
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey