indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
running; gliding; first (harvest) of the season; beginning; start; kitchen sink
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
police officer; policeman; policewoman
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
selection; choice; picking out
marathon; long-distance race
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
winning a prize or place (in a contest)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
last; final; end; conclusion; rust
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
adds force or indicates command