indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
running; gliding; first (harvest) of the season; beginning; start; kitchen sink
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for; I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
police officer; policeman; policewoman
long distance; long haul; long-distance race
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
selection; choice; picking out; National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament; Spring Koshien
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
winning a prize; placing (high; in a contest)
case; occasion; situation; circumstances
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of; serving (in the military, congress, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to choose; to select; to pick (out)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
last; final; end; conclusion; rust
to fall; to drop; to set (of the sun or moon); to sink; to decrease (of popularity, quality, speed, sales, etc.); to fall; to be inferior (to)
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)