indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
change (personnel); transfer; reshuffle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
disappearance; running away; going missing; absconding
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
educational institution; school; academy; campus
injustice; unfairness; wrongdoing; iniquity; impropriety; irregularity
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
trade; buying and selling; trafficking (e.g. of humans, arms, drugs); dealing
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
wherein; therein; thereinto
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
cooperation; collaboration
secret investigation; private enquiry; private inquiry; reconnaissance; scouting
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
search (esp. in criminal investigations); investigation; inquiry; enquiry
lesson; section (in an organization); division; counter for lessons and chapters (of a book)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
finally; after; following; at the end (of)
special duty; being in sole charge of a duty; senior managing director; executive director
crime; criminal act; offence; offense
to support (a theory, claim, etc.); to back up; to substantiate; to prove
conclusive evidence; positive proof; definite proof; confirmation
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
the person in question; the person themselves; said person
optional; voluntary; arbitrary; arbitrary