Sapporo (city in Hokkaido)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
radio equipment; facility that can transmit radio waves (as defined in Japan's radio law)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
obstacle; impediment; hindrance; handicap; impairment; disability
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
association; fellowship; change (of season, year, etc.)
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
horn; alarm; whistle; foghorn
running (of a car, bus, etc.); traveling; travelling; running (of a program)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
father; dad; husband; you; he
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
myself; yourself; I; me; you
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
silence; keeping silent; giving no notice; giving no warning; wordless pantomime performed in the dark (in kabuki)
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; (not) any
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial