dawn; daybreak; event (e.g. "in the event of ..."); occasion; occurrence
pupil; student; schoolchild
by means of; due to; because of; according to
valuation; appraisal; evaluation; appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement
Izumi (former province located in the southwest of present-day Osaka Prefecture)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
human relations; personal relationships
to not take seriously; to take lightly
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
reliance; trust; faith; confidence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
interest (in something); curiosity (about something); zest (for)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
drawing a katana and attacking in the same stroke; doing (something) suddenly and without warning; doing without prior notice
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
inspection of personal belongings (e.g. before entering a venue)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in