indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
suffix for familiar person
father; dad; husband; you; he
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy